Diabetes, Causes and Prevention : Diabetes

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General Health : Diabetes

Last Updated: Oct 6, 2009 - 12:07:30 PM

Diabetes, Causes and Prevention
By NLM
Apr 8, 2005 - 3:00:00 PM

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Diabetes Causes and Prevention

Diabetes is a serious, life-long disease. It cannot be cured, but careful control of blood sugar can prevent or delay the complications of this disease. A great deal of research is underway to find out exactly what causes diabetes and how to prevent it.

Causes

Diabetes is a disease that prevents the body from properly converting foods into the energy needed for daily activity. Understanding how diabetes develops starts with knowing what happens when the body digests food.

When you eat, your body changes most of the food into a form of sugar called glucose. Glucose travels through the blood stream to "fuel," or feed your cells. It is the main source of fuel for your body.

For glucose to get into cells, insulin must be present. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas, a large organ behind the stomach.

If your body does not make enough insulin or if the insulin doesn't work the way it should, glucose can't get into your cells. It remains in your blood, while the cells are starved of energy. The level of glucose in your blood then gets too high, causing diabetes.

Over the years, high levels of glucose in the blood damage nerves and blood vessels. This can lead to complications such as heart disease and stroke, kidney disease, blindness, nerve damage, gum infections, and lower limb amputation.

There are three main forms of diabetes: type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease occurs when the body's system for fighting infection -- the immune system -- turns against a part of the body.

In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas and destroys them. The pancreas then produces little or no insulin.

At present, scientists do not know exactly what causes the body's immune system to attack the cells, but they believe that both genetic factors and environmental factors, such as viruses, are involved. Studies have begun to try to identify these factors and prevent type 1 diabetes in people at risk.

Type 2 diabetes -- the most common form -- is linked to obesity, high blood pressure, and high levels of bad cholesterol called triglycerides, and low levels of good cholesterol called high density lipoprotein or HDL. About 80 percent of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight can keep your body from using insulin properly.

When type 2 diabetes is diagnosed, the pancreas is usually producing some insulin, but not as much as needed. After several years, insulin production tends to decrease in people with type 2 diabetes.

Being over 45 years of age and overweight or obese raises the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Other risk factors include:

having a first-degree relative -- a parent, brother, or sister -- with diabetes
being African American, American Indian or Alaska
Native, Asian American or Pacific Islander, or Hispanic American/Latino.

Risk factors include:

having gestational diabetes, or giving birth to at least one baby weighing more than 9 pounds
having blood pressure of 140/90 or higher, or having been told that you have high blood pressure.
having abnormal cholesterol levels -- an HDL cholesterol level of 35 or lower, or a triglyceride level of 250 or higher
being inactive or exercising fewer than three times a week.

Before people develop type 2 diabetes, they usually have pre-diabetes -- a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not yet high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes.

People with pre-diabetes are more likely to develop diabetes within 10 years and also are more likely to have a heart attack or stroke. Pre-diabetes is common in America, according to new estimates. About 41 million people, or 40 percent of U.S. adults ages 40 to 74, have pre-diabetes.

Some women develop gestational diabetes during the late stages of pregnancy. Although this form of diabetes usually goes away after the baby is born, a woman who has had it is more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in life. Gestational diabetes is caused by the hormones of pregnancy or a shortage of insulin.

Diabets Prevention

Diabetes tends to run in families, but other factors add to the risk of getting diabetes. For example, being overweight and under-active triggers diabetes in people who are at risk.

The two most common forms of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. In people with type 1 diabetes the body stops making insulin. Currently, there is no way to delay or prevent this form of diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes can be prevented in people who are at an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes or have a condition called pre-diabetes. Pre-diabetes is a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. People with pre-diabetes are more likely to develop diabetes within 10 years and are also more likely to have a heart attack or stroke.

A recent study by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, called the Diabetes Prevention Program, showed that people with pre-diabetes can sharply lower their chances of developing the disease through modest weight loss with diet and exercise.

That same study showed that changes in diet and exercise were especially effective in curbing the development of diabetes in older people. In fact, the development of diabetes dropped by 71 percent in adults 60 and older who were enrolled in the study.

Making modest lifestyle changes can often prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people who are at risk. Here are some tips that may help.

Reach and maintain a reasonable body weight. Your weight affects your health in many ways. Being overweight can keep your body from making and using insulin properly. It can also cause high blood pressure. Recent studies have shown that losing even a few pounds can help reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
In the Diabetes Prevention Program, people who lost 5 to 7 percent of their body weight significantly reduced their risk of type 2 diabetes. So if you weigh 200 pounds, losing only 10 pounds can make a difference.
Make wise food choices most of the time. What you eat has a big impact on your health. By making wise food choices, you can help control your body weight, blood pressure, and cholesterol.
Be physically active every day. Regular exercise tackles several risk factors at once. It helps you lose weight, control your cholesterol and blood pressure, and improve your body's use insulin. People in the Diabetes Prevention Program study who were physically active 30 minutes a day 5 days a week reduced their weight and risk of type 2 diabetes. Many chose walking for exercise.
Take your prescribed medications. Some people need medication to help control their blood pressure or cholesterol levels. If you do, take your medicines as directed. Ask your doctor whether there are any medicines you can take to help you prevent type 2 diabetes.

Researchers are working hard to uncover the genetic and environmental factors that may put people at risk for obesity, pre-diabetes, and diabetes. As they learn more about the changes in the body that lead to diabetes, researchers will develop ways to prevent and cure the different stages of this disease.

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